科技论文的英文摘要应该这样写‘pg国际008国际官网’

发布时间 : 2026-02-07  浏览次数 :
本文摘要:英文摘要的分类用英文撰写的科技论文摘要和用其他文种撰写的科技论文摘要是一样的,只是文种的区别而已。

英文摘要的分类用英文撰写的科技论文摘要和用其他文种撰写的科技论文摘要是一样的,只是文种的区别而已。关于摘要的分类问题,海内部门学者与外洋学者虽有分歧,但大同小异。如《科技书刊尺度化18讲》主编陈浩元先生把摘要分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要,而外洋学者一般将科技论文摘要分为两种,即报道性摘要(Informative Abstracts)和指示性摘要(Indicative Abstracts)。报道性摘要,旨在压缩全文。

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这类摘要内容应该包罗提出问题、研究该问题的方法、基本数据和结论。通常通过读此类摘要就可以相识全文的主要内容。

指示性摘要有时被称为形貌性摘要(Indicative Abstract)。这类摘要旨在阐明文章的主题,使宽大读者很容易地做出是否阅读全文的决议。

然而,由于其形貌性而不是其本质,因而很少是全文的替代物。因此,指示性摘要不应该写成研究论文的标题式摘要,但指示性摘要可以用于综述论文、集会陈诉、政府陈诉文献等,这类指示性摘要对文献数据库通常具有较大价值。至于报道-指示性摘要是介于上述两者之间的一种摘要形式,主要是以报道性摘要的形式表述信息价值较高的内容,而以指示性摘要的形式表述其余内容。

当前国际海内的科技论文主要接纳报道性摘要。英文摘要的内容在中文科技论文中,英文摘要应自成体系。它具有独立性和自明性,是通篇文章的归纳综合和总结,应该反映文章的全貌。

因此一篇英文摘要应该用简明、精炼、确切的文字向宽大读者提供尽可能多的定性和定量的信息。一篇摘要应视为一篇论文的最短形式。

摘要应是一篇论文主要组成部门,即序言、质料与方法、效果和讨论的简朴归纳综合总结。换句话说,摘要可以界说为一篇文献的总结。一篇写得好的摘要能使读者迅速相识一篇文献的基本内容,准确地掌握与读者所研究的课题的相互关系,从而决议是否阅读全文。一篇摘要不应凌驾250个字,应清楚表达该文叙述的内容。

摘要应:①说明研究的规模和主要工具;②形貌所用方法;③总结效果;④阐明主要结论。结论的重要性从其三次,即在摘要,其次在序言,再次在讨论三部门内容中划分被强调指出,足以被说明。摘要不要表述文内未曾泛起的信息与结论。摘要也不应引用其论文所引用的文献(除少数情况,如已揭晓过的方法的革新)。

写摘要时要记着,摘要要自身揭晓,应自成体系,即摘要不应包罗书刊评述,图、表及文献……摘要应使用宽大读者熟悉的语言,剔除迷糊不清的缩略语和简称。尽可能在写完论文正文之后再写摘要。

现通过一个化学科学英文摘要的详细实例,说明英文摘要的内容和写作方法。例1:A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic poly-propylene has been carried out by using differential scanning calorimetry.The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase.At extrusion ratio(ER)greater than four,two melting peaks were observed.With increasing ER,the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature.The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less.It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.此例回覆了如下四个问题:做了什么?(研究事情规模)——用DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行为怎样做的?(实验要点)——固体拉伸取向效果如何?(主要效果)——两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化原因何在?(效果的解释,结论)——存在差别晶体下面枚举就回覆上述四个问题的一些基本句式。(1)研究规模(to be)carried outperformedmadeconductedstudiedinvestigateddescribeddealt withelucidatedgivenpresenteddevelopedemployedderivedpreparedsynthesizedmonitoreddeterminedmeasuredobservedrecordedexaminedcharacterizedidentifiedtestedcalculatedproposedused to studyused to establishevaluateddiscussed(2)实验要点(to be)prepared by the reaction of..…with...synthesized via reacting obtained via condensationby means ofby usingby the use ofusing...as...over a wide range of...over a broad composition rangeover most of the range of...over the entire...rangecovere the ranges from...to...in the range of...in the temperature range from..…to...with a variety of...contentscontaining...percent or more...in the presence of...in the absence of...(3)主要结论用That从句表现实验效果:The results indicate that...The results show that...The results demonstrate that...The results reveal that...由 It 引起的 that 从句:It was shown that…It can be seen that…It was found that…(这类句子,接纳主动语态会越发简明,如此句可改写成:we found...)It was discovered that...It was concluded that...It has been demonstrated that...It was clarified that...It was revealed that...It is considered that...It was confirmed that...It is suggested that...It was supposed that...It has become apparent that...以 to be后的表语身分表现测定、盘算等的效果。

例如:The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67×105cm3·mol-1·s-1.The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.表现具有某种影响以及数量的依赖、增减关系:.….与.……有关..(to be)correlated with...associated with...related to...dependent upon...independent of..in relation to...in a linear relationship with.:.proportional to...inversely proportional to.....depends on...The dependence of...on......increase with the increase of......decrease with the increase of...(不)相符的表现方法...(to be)in good agreement with......(to be)found to agree well with......(to be)consistent with......(to be)essentially identical with......(to be)found to coincide essentially with......(to be)closely analogous to.....(to be)similar to...Good agreement(to be)found between......(to be)contrary to......(to be)in contrast with...(4)效果解释(结论)...(to be)due to...(to be)attributed to...(may be)...(to be)assigned to......(to be)interpreted on the basis of.......can be caused by......may be explained by......originate in......(to be)discussed in terms of...对于海内相当部门的作者而言,由于英文水平所限,要用简明、精炼、准确无误的英文表述作者本人的新思想、新理论、新方法、新效果或新产物还不是一件容易的事情。因此只有不停提高英文水平,有了扎实的英文基本功,写起英文摘要来才会驾轻就熟。

撰写英文摘要的注意事项 科技论文摘要其一是向相关的读者先容论文的主要内容,在当今高科技突飞猛进生长、科技信息浩如烟海的时代,读者检索到相关论文题目之后,只要大致阅读一下摘要的内容就可以决议是否有须要阅读全文。其二是向相关文献数据库提供二次文献检索内容。

用中文揭晓科技论文的宽大科技事情者撰写英文摘要除了上述两个目的之外,另有第三个目的,那就是为了扩大学术交流规模。因此撰写英文摘要时,除了要思量摘要的详细内容以外,还要注意文字表述简明简要、切合英语规范。1、简明简要 英文摘要内容包罗研究的目的,方法,效果和结论,它具有相对的独立性,自明性,能量化的只管加以量化,给读者提供主要的信息,不要把与论文无关,或关系不大,以及本学科已成为知识性的工具写在英文摘要里。

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下面通过三个详细英文摘要的分析加以说明。例2:The effect of thefunctionallization of POMs on their properties was examined by the comparisonbetween both titanium and its corresponding cyclopentadienylsubstitutedpolyoxocomplexes.The polarographic half-wave potential of the complexesindicated that the effect of the functionallization of POMs increased theoxidizing ability of the polyoxoanions.The inhibitory effects of the CpTi polyoxocomplexeson tumor cells are higher than those of the corresponding titaniumpolyoxocomplexesand the toxicity of the former is lower than that of thelatter.The oxygenation reactions of cyclohexene,styrene,trans-stilbene and maleic acid with PhIO or hydrogen peroxide(30% aqueous solution)catalyzed respectivelyby Ti and CpTi polyoxocomplexes were compared. 该篇英文摘要主要是论述由金属钛和茂基钛取代的多金属钨酸盐类的催化活性和生物活性的比力。

摘要只是归纳综合地指出多金属氧酸盐的官能团化增强了多金属氧酸盐的氧化能力,茂基钛取代的多金属氧酸盐对肿瘤细胞的抑制效应要强于由钛取代相应的多金属氧酸盐对肿瘤细胞的抑制效应。这篇英文摘要虽然简明、归纳综合、定性,可是缺少量化的工具,也就是详细数据没有给出来,实际上在文中有许多关于催化活性和生物活性的详细数据,在摘要中应详细给出,而本摘要却忽略了这一点。例3:Crazy dynamics isgiven by a compact metric space and its Crazy maps,whereCrazy maps are a family of skew products from ∑N×S1 into itself. In this paper we investigate itstopological entropy,and point out its range:logN~2logN.Moreover,we give a more exact result whenthe rotation maps occur in the fiber maps. 本篇英文摘要主要是先容疯狂动力系统的拓扑熵,指出了它的规模logN~2logN并给出了多纤维映射中含有旋转映射时疯狂动力系统拓扑熵的规模。

由于数学证明的是单个命题,内容一般较简朴,这是可以明白的,可是,该英文摘要将“疯狂动力系统由作用在底空间乏∑N×S1上的疯狂映射生成,其中疯狂映射是从乘积空间∑N×S1到自身的一类斜积映射”之类的知识性内容也写在摘要中,这是没有须要的,应予以剔除。这篇英文摘要过于简朴,所要求的内容不全,给读者提供不出具有参考价值的信息,这样三言五语的摘要二次文献一般是不摘录的。

例4:Although reactive O2 species appear to participate incentral nervous system(CNS)O2toxicity,the exact roles of different reactive O2species are undetermined. To study the contribution of extracellular superoxideanion(O2-)to CNS Oetoxicity we constructed transgenic mice overexpressinghuman extracellular superoxide dismutase(ECSOD;superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase,EC1.15.1.1) in the brain. Remarkably, when exposed to 6 atm (1 atm=101.3kPa) ofhyperbaric oxygen for 25 min, transgenic mice demonstrated highermortality(83%) than nontransgenic littermates(33% ; P<0.017). Pretreatmentwith diethyldithiocarbamate, which inhibits both ECSOD and Cu/Zn superoxidedismutase(Cu/Zn SOD) activity, increased resistance to CNS O2toxicity,in terms of both survival(100% in transgenics and 93% in nontransgenics) andresistance to seizures(4-fold increase in seizure latency in both transgenic andnon-transgenic mice;P<0.05). Thus , O2 apparently protectsagainst CNS O2 toxicity. We hypothesized that O2decreasedtoxicity by inactivating nitric oxide(NO·).To test this, we inhibited NOsynthase(EC 1.14.23) with N"-nitro-Larginineto determine whether NO' contributes to enhanced CNS O2 toxicity in transgenicmice.N"-nitro-L-arginine protected both transgenic and nontransgenic miceagainst CNS O2toxicity(100% survival and a 4-fold delay in time tofirstseizure;P<0.05), as well as abolishing the difference in sensitivity toCNS Oa toxicity between transgenic and nontransgenic mice. These resultsimplicate NO. as an important mediator in CNS O2 toxicity andsuggest that ECSOD increases CNS O2 toxicity by inhibiting O2-mediated inactivation of NO·.与前两个英文摘要相比,这篇英文摘要除了简明、归纳综合之外,它显着地具有量化的数据,这样就为宽大读者提供许多详细有用的信息,因此,从内容上思量,英文摘要应注意其简明、详细、量化。所谓简明、精炼并不意味着文字越少越好,而是用最少的文字通报最多的信息。

三言五语的简朴归纳综合,只是抽象的表述,读者很难过到详细的信息。因此,在简明、精炼的基础上要给出详细、翔实的信息。

2、切合英语规范 英文摘要所表达的内容必须清楚,给读者一个清晰的观点,每个句子只能有一种明白,不应泛起模棱两可,模糊不清,或两种可能的明白,这样就失去了科学性。任何一篇科技论文的英文摘要都是由巨细是非不等的句子组成的。如果每个句子都能清楚地表述所要表达的内容,而且真正全面归纳综合了全篇论文的要点,详细、翔实、定性、定量地说明问题,这篇论文的英文摘要就能清楚地论述相关的原理、方法、结论或新思想等,从而到达预期的目的。

因此英文表述是否规范是十分重要的,其关键在于如那边理好每个英文句子。为此应注意以下几点。

(1)句子的语法结构正确、语意清楚、逻辑合理要想清楚地表述所要表达的内容,首先要使句子的语法结构正确,这是准确、清晰表达的基础。如果句子的语法结构不合理,读者就不知所云。其次是语意必须清楚,科技论文中的每一个句子都有其相关的内在,失去了科学的内在,句子也就失去了表达的意义,有时还会造成误解。

第三要注意用词恰当,一个句子语法结构正确,语意也清楚,但往往由于用词不妥,就会导致逻辑上的差错,使之失去科学性。因此,判断一个英文句子的正确与否,必须考察其语法结构、语意、逻辑关系以及词汇表达准确性。

下面通过几个例子加以分析说明。例5:The influence of dispersant agent in inverse suspensionpolymerization on the configuration of products are investigated. 这个句子显着地泛起语法结构错误,主语是单数形式,谓语却用的是复数形式,此外,词与词、词与短语之间的修饰关系也不紧凑、再次,由于不能正确地使用冠词,使得个体名词失去了详细的特指性,而带有泛指性,进而使句子表述的内容失真。修改后的句子:The influence of the dispersant agent onthe configuration of the products in the inverse suspension polymerization wasinvestigated.经由修改后,句中的词间的修饰关系更紧凑,加之合理地使用冠词,就会使句意越发严谨。

例6:Then,the electrodes were inserted and theperistaltic pump was started to supply the reactants,thatis,the overall feed stream was 0.36 mol/L H2O2,2.5×102 mol/L NaSCN,1.5×105 mol/L copper(Ⅱ),3.0×10-3mol/LNaOH and 0.2 mol/L NaCl,at a constant flow rate of 0.3mL/min of each channel. 本句的句法结构基本上是对的,可是语意不十分清楚。首先电极插在什么地方不清楚,其次是进料共3个通道,文中没有说明,这样就很难明白通过差别的通道进料是牢固稳定的这样一种观点。修改后的句子如下: Then,theelectrodes were inserted into the vessel and the peristaltic pump was startedup to supply the reactants,that is,the overall feed stream contained 0.36 mol/L HaO2,2.5×102mol/L NaSCN,1.5×10-5 copper(Ⅱ),3.0×10-3 mol/L NaOH and 0.2 mol/LNaCl,which entered into the vessel at a constant flowrate of 0.3mL/min of each of the 3 feeding channels.例7:The maximum absorption spectra of cis-PP mainly originate from x→π*electronic transition between HOMO and LUMO(HOMO=thehighest energy occupied molecular orbital,LUMO=thelowest energy unoccupied molecular orbital).此句的语法结构是正确的,语意也是清楚的,但逻辑上不合理.其原因就在于不存在最大最小的吸收光谱,作为光谱,其吸收谱带(Band)或吸收的峰值(Peak)有强弱、巨细之分,其极值就是最大吸收,因此此句去掉spectra,再用谓语动词的相应形式(Originates),这个句子就是一个清晰、明确的句子。

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例8:Twenty tablets of enoxacin were weighed accurately and calculatedthe everage tablet weight.这原来是一个并列句,而作者却硬把它作为一个简朴句处置惩罚,这样做的效果造成第二个动词(calculated)无主语偷偷地换掉了,因为本句的主语20 tablets ofenoxacin不能发生 calculate 的行动。修改后的句子如下:Enoxacin of 20tablets was accurately weighed and the averaged tablet weight was calculated. (2)关于时态 撰写英文摘要时,如何选择时态的问题,海内和外洋的学者都有差别的说法。

如海内有人主张动词时态以一般现在时为主。外洋有人认为,摘要应以已往时为主,因为是属业已完成的事情。

撰写英文摘要时,时态的使用不要绝对化:或者都用一般现在时,或者都用一般已往时,应视详细情况而定。如果论述已往所做的事情就用一般已往时,如果论述由已往的事情所得出的结论,那么思量到科学的客观性,就应用一般现在时。(3)切忌使用无主语句在撰写英文摘要时,海内部门作者经常按汉语习惯套用无主语句,使得英文表述发生一系列的无主语句子,而且各无主语句之间经常泛起衔接关系不清楚,给读者造成误解。

在这种情况下,应使用被动语态,从而克服无主语句错误。看下面一段文字:After preparationof electrocompetent P. aeruginosa strains,set the electroporationapparatus Maltiporator(Eppendorf,Germany)to 1.6-2.5kV,25 μF and the pulse controller to 200omegas. Added 1-5 μL DNA2yme(orcontrol DNA2yme,or H2O)to tubes containing 40 μL ofelectrocompetent cells(1×10-7CFU)on ice and performed electroporation. At the end ofelectroporation,removed the cuvette from the samplechamber added 5 mL MH-broth,transferred the cells to asterile polypropylene culture tube and added ciprofloxacin whose concentrationwas equal to the strains MICs of ciprofloxacin. Incubated cultures for 24 hoursat 37 ℃ with moderate shaking to allow for P. aeruginosagrowth and then measured optical density at 420nm.这一段文字中,绝大部门句子使用的是无主语句。虽然读者也明确每个句子的寄义,但这些无主语句究竟不是规范化的英语。

固然,除了无主语句的错误之外,另有冠词的使用也不规范。因此经改用被动语态表述之后,再正确地使用冠词,这段文字就会越发切合英语的规范。After thepreparation of electrocompetent P.aeruginosa strains,theelectro-poration apparatus Multiporator(Eppendorf,Germany)was set to 1.6—2.5kV,25 μF and thepulse controller to 200 omegas.DNAzyme of1-5uL(orcontrol DNAzyme,or H2O)was added to the tubes containing 40 μL ofelectro-competent cells(1×10-7CFU)on ice and electroporation was performed. At the end ofelectroporation,the sample in the cuvette taken fromthe sample chamberwas added to 5 mL of MH-broth,thecells were transferred to a sterile polypro-pylene culture tube followed byadding ciprofloxacin whose concentration was equal to the strains MICs ofciprofloxacin. The cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ℃ with moderate shaking to allow P.aeruginosa to grow and then theoptical density was measured at 420 nm.(4)正确使用分词独立结构分词或分词短语作状语时,其分词所表现的行动在逻辑上要有主语,这种逻辑上的主语也可以是句子的主语,也可以有它自己独立的主语,这种主语经常是名词或代词,放在分词或分词短语之前,组成逻辑上的主谓结构。这种逻辑主语加上分词或分词短语就叫分词独立结构。

分词或分词短语作状语时,其行动是句子的主语发生的,否则,它必须有自己的逻辑主语。否则,就会泛起语法错误。海内的部门科技事情者在使用分词或分词短语时,总是忘记其逻辑主语。因而犯了语法上的错误,就是外洋的部门科技事情者,犯此类错误也是不乏其人,甚至这种错误竟然泛起在大标题中。

例如:Facile Synthesis ofAluminum-containing Mixed-metal Oxides Using Doped Carboxylate AlumoxaneNanoparticles.这是一篇文章的标题,使用了分词 using,却不见逻辑主语。至于在正文中泛起类似的错误那就更是司空见惯了。

例如:Therefore,aspart of our research program in the development of ceramic materials andtechniques,the ability to prepare highly phase-purealuminates simply and at reduced temperatures was investigated usingcarboxylate alumoxanes.Using the samework-up procedure as in the synthesis of(TCP)Ti(CH2·PH)2 above,0.35 g of the title complex was isolated as a colorless crystallinesolid.Proteinconcentrations were determined with the PIERCETM Coomassie PlusProtein Assay Reagent using BSA as standard.Infrared spectrawere recorded as KBr disks using a Nicolet 710 FF-IR spectrometer.其实,像这样缺少逻辑主语的分词短语可以用相应的介词如with取代using,或在using前加介词 by或 via 将其酿成动名词就可以解决了。(5)正确使用介词在英语中,介词也是很活跃的词类之一,而且也是频繁使用的词类。

在科技论文英文摘要中使用得最频繁的两个介词就算 by 和 with 了。特别是在写英文摘要时,为了客观性、简明性、开门见山,经常使用被动语态。介词 by 和 with 都可以用于被动语态的句子。

但应该指出的是英语有个习惯的表达方式,即with表现使用工具或由…….质料组成等,by则表现接纳的方式,在使用时,不要混淆。如:The active fractionswere further purified on a column of CM Sephadex(NH4+)by gradient elution with water-1.5 mol/L ammonium hydroxide. UVspectra were obtained with a Hewlett-Packard Model 8453 Spectrometer.有关介词的用法之后可以再详细先容。(6)注意结构的紧凑性英语句子结构严谨、句间关系明确,因此要使修饰语紧靠在其所修饰的词、短语和从句。例如:The weak absorptionpeak in the visible region(λ=468 nm in DMF,λ=479 nm in CH2Cl2)isassigned to the LMCT transition of the electrons in the Pπ orbitals of the phenol oxygen atom and oxime oxygen atom to the dunoccupied orbitals of the vanadium,while the strongerabsorption peak in the UV region(λ=320 nm in DMF,λ=319 nm in CHaCl2) is assigned to the π-π* transition of the ligand.。


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